source : http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=351:taji-mideren&catid=5:cover-story&Itemid=8

(wikipedia)

All cadets were henceforth required to receive education and training at the College for four years to qualify themselves for the Company’s Covenanted Civil Service. Rigid rules and regulations were framed to give moral, physical and intellectual training to the cadets. The educational programme was planned according to the syllabi of the Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Along with the courses on western subjects were introduced additionally the Indian languages and history. For moral training of the cadets were engaged reputed moral philosophers like Rev Samuel Henley (principal) and, Rev Edward Lewton. Thomas R Malthus (1766-1834), a celebrated theorist of Political Economy was also a Moral Philosopher in the College. With Malthus was another great theoretician, David Ricardo (1772-1823).

The academic and moral atmosphere of the College had a positive impact on the young cadets. Rhetoric goes that if India made the crown of the British Empire in the nineteenth century, its steel-frame was the Indian Civil Service. By extending the rhetoric it may be said that the artisan of the steel-frame had been the Haileybury College which had trained the freshmen of the bureaucracy morally, physically and intellectually.

(Banglapedia)

Lands were given as brahmadeya either to a single Brahmana or to several Brahmana families which ranged from a few to several hundreds or even more than a thousand, as seen in the South Indian context. Brahmadeyas were invariably located near major irrigation works such as tanks or lakes. Often new irrigation sources were constructed when brahmadeyas were created, especially in areas dependent on rains and in arid and semi-arid regions. When located in areas of intensive agriculture in the river valleys, they served to integrate other settlements of a subsihena level production. Sometimes, two or more settlements were clubbed together to form a brahmadeya or an agrahara. The taxes from such villages were assigned to the Brahmana donees, who were also given the right to get the donated land cultivated. Boundaries of the donated land or village were very often carefully demarcated. The various types of land, wet, dry and garden land within the village were specified. Sometimes even specific crops and trees are mentioned. The land donations implied more than the transfer of land rights. For example, in many cases, along with the revenues and economic resources of the village, h u m v resources such as peasants (cultivators), misans and others were also transferred to donees. There is also growing evidence of the encroachment of the rights of villagers over community lands such as lakes and ponds. Thus, the Brahmanas became managers of agricultural and artisanal production in these settlements for which they organized themselves in to assemblies.

Raja Rajendra Singh of Jaintiapur, a Jaintia king was deprived of his kingdom as his territory in the plains was taken away by the British. He was left with the option to rule over his people in the hills which offered little scope for earning revenue for running the administration. Hence he declined kingship. The British then offered rulership to the village headmen, Dolois and Sirdas. This worked well from 1835 to 1853, though the people secretly bore a grudge against the British. Then the British imposed a house-tax in

1860 which was met with resentment and within a few months, the people rose in a rebellion that was easily put down as the rebels were not organised. Towards the close of 1860 income tax was also levied in addition to the house-tax. There was an apprehension in the air that tax would also be levied on betel and betel-nut. Imposition of these taxes created turmoil amongst the Jaintias and they rose again in a fierce rebellion in 1862. The magnitude of the upsurge was such that as many as seven regiments and detachments of troops were put into action to suppress it. Jowai, which was besieged by the rebels for about 3 weeks, was thus reoccupied amidst heavy casualties. The leader and guiding spirit in this rebellion was a young man, U Kiang Nongbah. In the first rebellion he kept his identity secret and thus avoided arrest. He was extremely shrewd and a great organiser. He contacted all the Dolois and Sirdars without causing any suspicion. He managed to hoodwink the British Intelligence Service. They had no trace of his movements and activities. Yet, ultimately he was defeated because of the superior might of the British. In the unequal fight that ensured, hundreds of Jaintias were killed and U Kiang Nongbah was betrayed, captured and hung publicly to strike terror into the hearts of the Jaintias on December 30, 1862. When he was put to the gallows, he said, in a clear voice: “If my face turns eastward when I die on the rope, we shall be free again within a hundred years. If it turns westwards, we shall be enslaved forever”. His prophesy came true as India became free within a hundred years!

Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 200

Instruction: The Essay must be written in the medium specified in the admission certificate issued to you. The name of medium must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given to the essay written in a medium other than that specified in the admission certificate.

(Examiner will pay special attention to the candidate’s grasp of his material, it’s relevance to the subject chosen and to his ability to think constructively and present his ideas concisely, logically and effectively).

Write an Essay on any one of the following topics:

1. Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death?
2. Are we a ‘Soft’ state?
3. “The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society”.
4. “ Good Fences make good neighbors”
5. ‘ Globalization’ vs. ‘ Nationalism’

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge,
United Kingdom

Thomas A. Steitz, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Ada E. Yonath, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

“for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”

The ribosome translates the DNA code into life

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009 awards studies of one of life’s core processes: the ribosome’s translation of DNA information into life. Ribosomes produce proteins, which in turn control the chemistry in all living organisms. As ribosomes are crucial to life, they are also a major target for new antibiotics.

This year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for having showed what the ribosome looks like and how it functions at the atomic level. All three have used a method called X-ray crystallography to map the position for each and every one of the hundreds of thousands of atoms that make up the ribosome.

Inside every cell in all organisms, there are DNA molecules. They contain the blueprints for how a human being, a plant or a bacterium, looks and functions. But the DNA molecule is passive. If there was nothing else, there would be no life.

The blueprints become transformed into living matter through the work of ribosomes. Based upon the information in DNA, ribosomes make proteins: oxygen-transporting haemoglobin, antibodies of the immune system, hormones such as insulin, the collagen of the skin, or enzymes that break down sugar. There are tens of thousands of proteins in the body and they all have different forms and functions. They build and control life at the chemical level.

An understanding of the ribosome’s innermost workings is important for a scientific understanding of life. This knowledge can be put to a practical and immediate use; many of today’s antibiotics cure various diseases by blocking the function of bacterial ribosomes. Without functional ribosomes, bacteria cannot survive. This is why ribosomes are such an important target for new antibiotics.

This year’s three Laureates have all generated 3D models that show how different antibiotics bind to the ribosome. These models are now used by scientists in order to develop new antibiotics, directly assisting the saving of lives and decreasing humanity’s suffering.

Source-Nobelprize.org

Function and synthesis of Telomere

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 jointly to

Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak

for the discovery of

“how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase“

Summary

This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to three scientists who have solved a major problem in biology: how the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation. The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes – the telomeres – and in an enzyme that forms them – telomerase.

The long, thread-like DNA molecules that carry our genes are packed into chromosomes, the telomeres being the caps on their ends. Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak discovered that a unique DNA sequence in the telomeres protects the chromosomes from degradation. Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn identified telomerase, the enzyme that makes telomere DNA. These discoveries explained how the ends of the chromosomes are protected by the telomeres and that they are built by telomerase.

If the telomeres are shortened, cells age. Conversely, if telomerase activity is high, telomere length is maintained, and cellular senescence is delayed. This is the case in cancer cells, which can be considered to have eternal life. Certain inherited diseases, in contrast, are characterized by a defective telomerase, resulting in damaged cells. The award of the Nobel Prize recognizes the discovery of a fundamental mechanism in the cell, a discovery that has stimulated the development of new therapeutic strategies.

The mysterious telomere

The chromosomes contain our genome in their DNA molecules. As early as the 1930s,Hermann Muller (Nobel Prize 1946) and Barbara McClintock (Nobel Prize 1983) had observed that the structures at the ends of the chromosomes, the so-called telomeres, seemed to prevent the chromosomes from attaching to each other. They suspected that the telomeres could have a protective role, but how they operate remained an enigma.

When scientists began to understand how genes are copied, in the 1950s, another problem presented itself. When a cell is about to divide, the DNA molecules, which contain the four bases that form the genetic code, are copied, base by base, by DNA polymerase enzymes. However, for one of the two DNA strands, a problem exists in that the very end of the strand cannot be copied. Therefore, the chromosomes should be shortened every time a cell divides – but in fact that is not usually the case (Fig 1).

Both these problems were solved when this year’s Nobel Laureates discovered how the telomere functions and found the enzyme that copies it.

Telomere DNA protects the chromosomes

In the early phase of her research career, Elizabeth Blackburn mapped DNA sequences. When studying the chromosomes of Tetrahymena, a unicellular ciliate organism, she identified a DNA sequence that was repeated several times at the ends of the chromosomes. The function of this sequence, CCCCAA, was unclear. At the same time, Jack Szostak had made the observation that a linear DNA molecule, a type of minichromosome, is rapidly degraded when introduced into yeast cells.

Blackburn presented her results at a conference in 1980. They caught Jack Szostak’s interest and he and Blackburn decided to perform an experiment that would cross the boundaries between very distant species (Fig 2). From the DNA of Tetrahymena, Blackburn isolated the CCCCAA sequence. Szostak coupled it to the minichromosomes and put them back into yeast cells. The results, which were published in 1982, were striking – the telomere DNA sequence protected the minichromosomes from degradation. As telomere DNA from one organism, Tetrahymena, protected chromosomes in an entirely different one, yeast, this demonstrated the existence of a previously unrecognized fundamental mechanism. Later on, it became evident that telomere DNA with its characteristic sequence is present in most plants and animals, from amoeba to man.

An enzyme that builds telomeres

Carol Greider, then a graduate student, and her supervisor Blackburn started to investigate if the formation of telomere DNA could be due to an unknown enzyme. On Christmas Day, 1984, Greider discovered signs of enzymatic activity in a cell extract. Greider and Blackburn named the enzyme telomerase, purified it, and showed that it consists of RNA as well as protein (Fig 3). The RNA component turned out to contain the CCCCAA sequence. It serves as the template when the telomere is built, while the protein component is required for the construction work, i.e. the enzymatic activity. Telomerase extends telomere DNA, providing a platform that enables DNA polymerases to copy the entire length of the chromosome without missing the very end portion.

Telomeres delay ageing of the cell

Scientists now began to investigate what roles the telomere might play in the cell. Szostak’s group identified yeast cells with mutations that led to a gradual shortening of the telomeres. Such cells grew poorly and eventually stopped dividing. Blackburn and her co-workers made mutations in the RNA of the telomerase and observed similar effects in Tetrahymena. In both cases, this led to premature cellular ageing – senescence. In contrast, functional telomeres instead prevent chromosomal damage and delay cellular senescence. Later on, Greider’s group showed that the senescence of human cells is also delayed by telomerase. Research in this area has been intense and it is now known that the DNA sequence in the telomere attracts proteins that form a protective cap around the fragile ends of the DNA strands.

An important piece in the puzzle – human ageing, cancer, and stem cells

These discoveries had a major impact within the scientific community. Many scientists speculated that telomere shortening could be the reason for ageing, not only in the individual cells but also in the organism as a whole. But the ageing process has turned out to be complex and it is now thought to depend on several different factors, the telomere being one of them. Research in this area remains intense.

Most normal cells do not divide frequently, therefore their chromosomes are not at risk of shortening and they do not require high telomerase activity. In contrast, cancer cells have the ability to divide infinitely and yet preserve their telomeres. How do they escape cellular senescence? One explanation became apparent with the finding that cancer cells often have increased telomerase activity. It was therefore proposed that cancer might be treated by eradicating telomerase. Several studies are underway in this area, including clinical trials evaluating vaccines directed against cells with elevated telomerase activity.

Some inherited diseases are now known to be caused by telomerase defects, including certain forms of congenital aplastic anemia, in which insufficient cell divisions in the stem cells of the bone marrow lead to severe anemia. Certain inherited diseases of the skin and the lungs are also caused by telomerase defects.

In conclusion, the discoveries by Blackburn, Greider and Szostak have added a new dimension to our understanding of the cell, shed light on disease mechanisms, and stimulated the development of potential new therapies.

Elizabeth H. Blackburn has US and Australian citizenship. She was born in 1948 in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. After undergraduate studies at the University of Melbourne, she received her PhD in 1975 from the University of Cambridge, England, and was a postdoctoral researcher at Yale University, New Haven, USA. She was on the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, and since 1990 has been professor of biology and physiology at the University of California, San Francisco.

Carol W. Greider is a US citizen and was born in 1961 in San Diego, California, USA. She studied at the University of California in Santa Barbara and in Berkeley, where she obtained her PhD in 1987 with Blackburn as her supervisor. After postdoctoral research at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, she was appointed professor in the department of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore in 1997.

Jack W. Szostak is a US citizen. He was born in 1952 in London, UK and grew up in Canada. He studied at McGill University in Montreal and at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he received his PhD in 1977. He has been at Harvard Medical School since 1979 and is currently professor of genetics at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He is also affiliated with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Human Genome

References:
Szostak JW, Blackburn EH. Cloning yeast telomeres on linear plasmid vectors. Cell 1982; 29:245-255.
Greider CW, Blackburn EH. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell 1985; 43:405-13.
Greider CW, Blackburn EH. A telomeric sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena telomerase required for telomere repeat synthesis. Nature 1989; 337:331-7.

Source: nobelprize.org

A paper to be published in Science on coming Friday has revealed that the Moon contains abundant amount of water near its poles – and this is confirmed after the detailed analyses of data sent by India’s Chandrayaan-I mission.

The mission came to an abrupt end this year after nearly a year’s exploration of Moon surface. Many thought that the mission was futile, but by answering an eternal “question” regarding the presence of water on the Moon  the mission has achieved a major success.

For Indians this is a moment of joy. I am extremely proud of those scientists involved in the mission – in spite of paltry salaries they get from the government they have taken India forward technologically and scientifically. This should inspire our government to fund research in science and technology adequately.

I just read this report in Washington Post and I am thrilled very much.

Let’s hope Chandrayaan-II brings more joy.

THIS IS A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DOCUMENT REPRODUCED HERE FOR THE BENEFIT OF READERS

No.36033/5/2004-Estt.(Res.) Government of India Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions Department of Personnel & Training

…….

New Delhi ,dated :the 14^th October,2004

To

The Chief Secretaries of all the States/Union Territories.

Subject: Clarifications regarding creamy layer amongst OBCs.

****

Sir,

I am directed to invite your attention to the Schedule to this Department’s OM No.36012/22/93­(SCT) dated 8^th September, 1993 which contains the criteria to determine the creamy layer amongst the OBCs. In regard to the children of the persons in civil services of the Central and the State Governments, it provides that son(s) and daughter(s) of:

(a) parents, both of whom are directly recruited Class I/Group A officers;

(b) parents, either of whom is a directly recruited Class I/Group A officer;

(c) parents, both of whom are directly recruited Class I/Group A officers, but one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation;

(d) parents, either of whom is a directly recruited Class I/ Group A officer and such parent dies or suffers permanent in – capacitation and before such death or such incapacitation has had the benefit of employment in any International Organisation like UN, IMF, World Bank, etc. for a period of not less than 5 years;

(e) parents, both of whom are directly recruited Class I/Group A officers and both of them die or suffer permanent incapacitation and before such death or such incapacitation of the both, either of them has had the benefit of employment International Organisation like UN, IMF, World Bank, etc. for a period of not less than 5 years;

(f) parents both of whom are directly recruited Class II/Group B officer;

(g) parents of whom only the husband is a directly recruited Class II/Group B officer and he gets into Class I/Group A at the age of 40 or earlier;

(h) parents, both of whom are directly recruited Class II/ Group B officers and one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation and either of them has had the benefit of employment is any International Organisation like UN, IMF, World Bank, etc. for a period of not less than 5 year;

(i) parents of whom the husband is a Class I/Group A officer (direct recruit or pre-forty promoted) and the wife is a directly recruited Class II/Group B officer and the wife dies; or suffers permanent incapacitation; and

(j) parents, of whom wife is a Class I/Group A officer (Direct Recruit or pre-forty promoted) and the husband is a directly recruited Class II/Group B officer and the husband dies or suffers permanent incapacitation shall be treated as falling in creamy layer.

2. The Schedule further provides that sons and daughters of:

(i) parents either of whom or both of whom are directly recruited Class I/Group A officer(s) and such parents(s) dies/die or suffers/suffer permanent incapacitation;

(ii) parents both of whom are directly recruited Class II/Group B officers and one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation;

(iii) parents both of whom are directly recruited Class II/Group B officers and both of them die or suffer permanent incapacitation, even though either of them has had the benefit of employment in any International Organisation like UN, IMF, World Bank, etc. for a period of not less than 5 years before their death or permanent incapacitation shall not be treated to be falling in creamy layer.

1              The criteria prescribed for determining creamy layer status of sons and daughters of persons in Government service mutatis mutandis applies to the sons and daughters of persons holding equivalent or comparable posts in PSUs, Banks, Insurance Organisations, Universities, etc. and also holding equivalent or comparable posts and positions under private employment. The creamy layer status of the sons and daughters of employees of organizations where evaluation of the posts on equivalent or comparable basis has not been made is determined on the basis of ‘Income/Wealth Test’ given in the Schedule. The Income/Wealth Test prescribes that the sons and daughters of persons having gross annual income of Rs.2.5 lakh or above or possessing wealth above the exemption limit as prescribed in the Wealth Tax Act for a period of three consecutive years would be treated to fall in creamy layer. An explanation is given below the Income/Wealth Test which provides that ‘income from salaries or agricultural land shall not be clubbed.

2               Following questions have been raised from time to time about the application of the above provisions to determine creamy layer:

(i) Will the sons and daughters of parents either of whom or both of whom are directly recruited Class I/Group A officer(s) and such parent(s) dies/die or suffers/suffer permanent incapacitation after retirement be treated to be excluded from the creamy layer?

(ii) Will the sons and daughters of parents both of whom are directly recruited Class II/Group B officers and one of them dies or suffer permanent incapacitation after retirement be treated to be excluded from the creamy layer?

(iii) Will the sons and daughters of parents both of whom are directly recruited Class II/Group B officers and both of them die or suffer permanent incapacitation after retirement even though either of them has had got the benefit of employment in any International Organisation like UN, IMF, World Bank, etc. for a period of not less than 5 years before their death or permanent incapacitation be treated to be excluded from the purview of creamy layer?

(iv) Will the sons and daughters of parent(s) who retire from the service on the basis of which their sons and daughters fall in creamy layer, continue to fall in creamy layer after retirement of the parent(s)?

(v) Will the sons and daughters of parents of whom husband is directly recruited Class III/Group C or Class IV/ Group D employee and he gets into Class I/Group A at the age of 40 or earlier be treated to be falling in creamy layer?

(vi) Will a candidate who himself is a directly recruited Class I/Group A officer or a directly recruited Class II/Group B officer who got into Class I/Group A at the age of 40 or earlier be treated to be falling in creamy layer on the basis of his service status?

(vii) Will a candidate who has gross annual income of Rs.2.5 lakh or above or possesses wealth above the Exemption limit as prescribed in the Wealth Tax Act for a period of three consecutive years be treated to fall in creamy layer?

(viii) The instructions provide that a lady belonging to OBC category who has got married to a directly recruited Class I/Group A officer shall not be treated as falling in creamy layer on the basis of her marriage. Will a man belonging to OBC category who is married to a directly recruited Class I/Group ‘A’ officer be treated as falling in creamy layer on the basis of his marriage?

(ix) How will be the Income/Wealth Test apply in case of Sons and daughters of parent(s) employed in PSUs etc. in which equivalence or comparability of posts has not been established vis-à-vis posts in the Government?

(x) What is the scope of the explanation, ‘Income salaries or agricultural land shall not be clubbed’, given below the Income/ Wealth Test?

5. It is clarified in regard to clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of para 4 that the sons and daughters of

(a) parents either of whom or both of whom are directly recruited Class I/Group A officers and such parent(s) dies/die or suffers/suffer permanent incapacitation while in service;

(b) parents both of whom are directly recruited Class II/Group B officers and one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation while in service; and

(c) parents both of whom are directly recruited Class II/Group B officers and both of them die or suffer permanent incapacitation while in service, even though either of them has benefit of employment in any International Organization like UN,IMF, World Bank, etc. for a period of not less than 5 years before their death or permanent incapacitation are not treated to be falling in creamy layer. But if the parent(s) dies/die or suffers/suffer permanent incapacitation in such cases after retirement from service, his/their sons and daughters would be treated to be falling in creamy layer and would not get the benefit of reservation.

6. In regard to clause (iv) of para 4, it is clarified that sons and daughters of parents who are included in the creamy layer on the basis of service status of their parents shall continue to be treated in creamy layer even if their parents have retired or have died after retirement.

7. In regard to clause (v) of para 4, it is clarified that the sons and daughters of parents of whom only the husband is a directly recruited Class II/Group B officer who gets into Class I/Group A at the age of 40 or earlier are treated to be in creamy layer. If the father is directly recruited Class III/Group C or Class IV/Group D employee and he gets into Class I/Group A at the age of 40 or earlier, his sons and daughters shall not be treated to be falling in creamy layer.

8. In regard to clauses (vi), (vii) and (viii) of para 4, it is clarified that the creamy layer status of a candidate is determined on the basis of the status of his parents and not on the basis of his own status or income or on the basis of status or income or on the basis or status or income of his/her spouse. Therefore, while determining the creamy layer status of a person the status or the income of the candidate himself or of his/her spouse shall not be taken into account.

9. In regard to clause (ix) of para 4, it is clarified that the creamy layer status of sons and daughters of persons employed in organizations where equivalence or comparability of posts vis-à-vis posts in Government has not been evaluated is determined as follows: Income of the parents from the salaries and from the other Sources [other than salaries and agricultural land] is determined separately. If either the income of the parents from the salaries or the income of the parents from other sources [other than salaries and agricultural land] exceeds the limit of Rs.2.5 lakh per annum for a period of three consecutive years, the sons and daughters of such persons shall be treated to fall in creamy layer. But the sons and daughters of parents whose income from other sources is also less than Rs.2.5 lakh per annum and income from other sources is also less than Rs.2.5 lakh per annum will not be treated as falling in creamy layer even if sum of the income from salaries and the income from the other sources is more than Rs.2.5 lakh per annum for period of three consecutive years. It may be noted that income from agricultural land is not taken into account while applying the Test.

10. In regard to clause (x) of para 4, it is clarified that while applying the Income/Wealth Test to determine creamy layer status of any candidate as given in Category-VI of the Schedule to the OM, income from the salaries and income from the agricultural land shall not be taken into account. It means that if income from salaries of the parents of any candidate is more than Rs.2.5 lakh per annum, income from agricultural land is more than Rs.2.5 lakh per annum, but income from other sources is less than Rs.2.5 lakh per annum, the candidate shall not be treated to be falling in creamy layer on the basis of Income/Wealth Test provided his parent(s) do not possess wealth above the exemption limit as prescribed in the Wealth Tax Act for a period of three consecutive years.

11. You are requested to bring the contents of this letter to all concerned in the State.

Yours faithfully,

(K.G. Verma) Deputy Secretary to the Govt. of India.

Copy to:

1. All Ministries/Departments of Govt. of India.
2. Department of Economic Affairs (Banking Division), New Delhi.
3. Department of Economic Affairs (Insurances Division),New Delhi
4. Department of Public Enterprises, New Delhi.
5. Railway Board,
6. Union Public Service Commission/Supreme Court of India/ Election Commission/Lok Sabha Secretariat/Rajya Sabha Secretariat/Cabinet Secretariat/Central Vigilance Commission/ President’s Secretariat/Prime Minister’s Office/Planning Commission/National Commission for Backward Classes.
7. Staff Selection Commission ,CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi.
8. Office of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India, 10, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi. With the request to bring the contents of this letter to the notice of all concerned.

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